Ukrainian Antarctic Journal

Microplastics in sediments of the waters near the Akademik Vernadsky station

2025-08-04T13:01:01+02:00

Despite Antarctica's remoteness from powerful sources of anthropogenic impact, its natural environment undergoes changes due to the activities of scientific stations, tourism, transport communications, and the extraction of bioresources. The study presents the distribution of artificial polymer particles (microplastics) in the upper layer of the bottom sediments in the waters near the Akademik Vernadsky station. It aims to identify the microplastics in the geological components and to adapt the laboratory cycle of sample processing and particle identification. The samples were collected in 2022 during seasonal fieldwork at 4 to 60 m. In particular, sediment samples from sea straits at different distances from the Antarctic station were subject to testing. Most of the samples included microplastics; they were quantified and classified by morphology. The putative microplastics were tested by Raman spectroscopy (diffraction monochromator MDR-23); the test found such polymers as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Some particles (mostly fibers) that morphologically could not be studied by spectrometry were identified as artificial polymers by thermal techniques without chemical analysis. The sediments' material and granulometric parameters were determined to understand the possible link of the microplastics in the upper sedimental layer with the natural and anthropogenic factors. The results were compared to similar studies at other polar stations on the Antarctic Peninsula. The small number of samples did not allow us to establish a qualitative relation between the depth distribution, sediments’ granulometry, and the total amounts of the confirmed microplastic fragments. Thus, the publication should be considered a preliminary review and a methodologically indicative study on the identification of microplastic particles in the bottom sediments of the water area adjacent to the Ukrainian Antarctic Station.

Wind as an energy source of polar atmospheric gravity waves

2025-08-04T13:01:02+02:00

We investigated the properties of atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) in the areas of polar thermosphere wind systems using satellite measurement data. It was established that AGWs systematically propagate in the direction from night to day towards the wind. The dependence of the wave amplitude on the headwind wind velocity was studied. In an oncoming non-uniform wind flow, wave amplitudes increase due to energy exchange with the medium. As a result, such large-amplitude AGWs are predominant in observations in the polar thermosphere. Therefore, wind flow regions can be considered a source of energy for AGW. The frequencies of polar AGW were determined from satel lite measurements. The obtained frequency values for different polar orbits of the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite are very close to the Brunt-Väisälä (BV) frequency. This indicates the filtering of the wave spectrum in the non-uniform wind flow. The results allow us to explain the main properties of AGW in the polar thermosphere observed from the satellite and compare them with ground-based measurements. When comparing the results of satellite and ground measurements of AGW characteristics, background atmospheric flows must be taken into account. Thus, the frequencies of AGW determined from satellite data are close to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. However, a ground observer will register such waves as very low-frequency disturbances. It can be assumed that some of the observed cases of large-scale AGW are medium-scale disturbances propagating against the background of strong winds. Under increased geomagnetic activity, the speeds of polar vortices increase, accompanied by an increase in energy transfer from the wind. Therefore, AGWs play an important role in the energy balance of the polar atmosphere, redistributing the energy of disturbed wind flows in the vertical direction.

Emergent sampling of Bryozoa in Mackellar glaciomarine fjord, 62°S maritime Antarctic

2025-08-05T16:32:06+02:00

Bryozoans are sessile suspension feeding metazoans which represent an important component of Antarctic macrozoobenthic communities. These ectotherm modular organisms are present in a wide variety of habitats subjected to strong gradients, such as those found in polar glaciomarine fjords. This study focused on the diversity of bryozoans opportunistically collected via van Veen grab deployments during four summer campaigns (2017–2019 and 2023) in Mackellar Inlet (62. S, King George Island) by Peruvian ANTAR expeditions. The cumulative taxa richness and diversity patterns were evaluated, revealing an overall number of 36 taxa, representing 84% of the estimated richness (Chao2 = 43). From the six recognised growth forms, the membraniporiforms (calcified encrusting unilaminar) dominated the bryozoan assemblage, followed by cheilostomes with flustriform growth habit. The highest diversity, cumulative taxonomic richness (26 taxa), and all growth forms herein recorded (6) were found in the outer section of the fjord. The erect flexible basibiont Nematoflustra flagellata (Waters, 1904) was the most abundant flustriform and hosted the highest abundance of epizoozoans, which preferred the rear surface of their host fronds for settlement. Unconsolidated deposits such as gravels and coarse sand grains were essential substrates for bryozoan assemblages; however, habitat-facilitating growth forms increased the overall values of abundance and taxonomic and functional richness at a local scale. This work, which is opportunistic in nature, represents a baseline for future studies aiming to create an annotated checklist of bryozoans in the area that would require diverse sampling methodologies focused specifically on bryozoans and their substrates (e.g., scuba diving, rock dredges). Although we aimed to cover a basic functional analysis based on growth forms, a deeper understanding of the ecology of bryozoans in Mackellar Inlet is needed, considering different ecological implications and life strategy adaptations to environmental gradients.

Collagenolytic enzymes from Antarctic hydrobionts: a promising biotechnological approach for accelerating purulent-necrotic wound healing

2025-08-05T16:25:28+02:00

The objective of this study was to isolate the fractions of proteolytic enzymes from Antarctic hydrobionts, specifically Sterechinus neumayeri and Odontaster validus, and assess their wound-healing potential on purulent-necrotic wounds in rats. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. The enzymes derived from both hydrobionts exhibited significant collagenolytic activity, averaging around 14 rel. units per mg of total proteins, and were different in molecular weight and substrate specificity. Enzyme- electrophoresis with gelatin as a substrate revealed that enzymes from S. neumayeri were mostly above 40 kDa, while those from O. validus ranged between 15–35 kDa. The inhibitory analysis demonstrated that O. validus enzymes were predominantly metal-dependent proteases (67%), whereas S. neumayeri contained both serine proteinases (44%) and metal-dependent enzymes (34%). This enzymatic heterogeneity suggests broad substrate specificity, which is advantageous for cleansing various wound types. The enzymes exhibited optimal activity at an alkaline pH (8.0–9.0), which
aligns with the pH conditions of chronic and infected wounds, making them particularly effective in the early stages of wound healing. To evaluate the therapeutic potential, a composition based on the mixture of collagenolytic enzymes from both hydrobionts was applied to purulent-necrotic wounds in rats. The group of rats treated with the composition showed faster wound reduction than the control group. By the 12th day, wound size in the treated group had reduced to 24.4 ± 6.7 mm², significantly smaller than in the control group – 49.8 ± 6.9 mm². Complete epithelialization occurred by day 27 in the treated group, while the control group achieved full healing by day 30. The results confirm that collagenolytic enzymes from Antarctic hydrobionts are effective in enzymatic debridement, promoting faster wound healing. Combining serine and metal-dependent proteases enhances the range of protein breakdown, improving the efficiency of wound cleansing. The enzymes' high activity at alkaline pH is beneficial for treating both acute and chronic wounds, with enzyme activity decreasing as healing progresses, minimizing potential damage to healthy tissues.

New Collembola occurrence records from the western Antarctic Peninsula

2025-08-05T16:28:49+02:00

In the light of the considerable global climatic changes observed over recent decades, and particularly their magnification in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region (maritime Antarctic), it is important to document in detail the biodiversity of this region to provide a baseline for assessing potential future shifts in species distribution ranges. The aim of this study was to document the species diversity of springtails (Collembola) collected during the Antarctic summer season (December 2023 to March 2024) from various locations in the coastal regions of the WAP. A total of 141 invertebrate samples were collected and analysed from different types of vegetated substrates, predominantly mosses, and from the nesting materials of the seabirds Stercorarius maccormicki and Larus dominicanus. Samples were obtained from 35 locations within four sub-regions of the WAP, including the South Shetland Islands, Graham Coast, Biscoe Islands and Adelaide Island and its neighbouring islands. For 20 of these surveyed locations, Collembola diversity was recorded for the first time and, for a further three locations, new records were obtained supplementing those in the existing literature. A total of 9 143 Collembola specimens were identified, representing three species: Cryptopygus antarcticus, Folsomotoma octooculata and Friesea antarctica, all of which are native to the studied region. Two of these species were identified in bird nest material, with Fo. octooculata being absent. Although all three species were present in many of the samples obtained, C. antarcticus was generally the most abundant, both in samples from vegetated substrates and in the nesting material of both bird species, accounting for nearly 90% of all collected specimens. This likely indicates a high degree of ecological plasticity in C. antarcticus, which may facilitate its persistence in the harsh environmental conditions of Antarctica amid ongoing climate change.

Polar pollution: protecting Antarctic marine ecosystems from microplastics

2025-08-04T13:01:04+02:00

Plastic contamination in Antarctica is a major environmental concern that has received international attention in recent years. This review investigates the factors that affect polar plastics, including their distribution, accumulation, socioeconomic effects, stakeholder alignments, ways to reduce plastic pollution, and policies that affect plastic pollution in Antarctica. The problem of plastic pollution is extremely important for the preservation of the environment in the Antarctic and on the planet. The spread of plastic pollution in Antarctica is mostly due to ocean currents transporting plastic debris from other parts of the world. The distribution of plastics is driven by human activities, which have led to severe environmental degradation. Now, climate change is exacerbating the problem, creating a destructive feedback loop. According to research, plastic waste is concentrated in specific parts of Antarctica, notably in ice-free areas. A solution to the escalating problem of plastic pollution lies in the development and adoption of sustainable policies and practices. By increasing environmental awareness around the harm microplastics impact on the environment, more advocates could address the importance of investing in innovative alternative materials, promoting circular economy principles for waste management, government intervention, and encouraging global stakeholder collaboration. By combining education, innovation, regulation, and community action, we can drive into a world where plastic accumulation is reduced and controlled, leading to a safe environment free of biological consequences in the Antarctic region. Through this, we can significantly change plastic consumption and save biodiversity. Furthermore, the engagement of scientific communities in long-term monitoring and the promotion of eco-friendly expeditions are vital to ensure progress. Strengthening international treaties can bolster the enforcement of regulations concerning plastic use and disposal. The collective efforts of individuals, institutions, and governments can have a significant impact, reversing the damage and setting a precedent for environmental protection worldwide.

The role of research in Antarctic diplomacy: A scientometric analysis of the Treaty System's impact

2025-08-04T13:01:05+02:00

This study delves into the intricate relationship between scientific research and diplomacy within the framework of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), employing a comprehensive scientometric analysis to explore its multifaceted impact. The ATS has played a pivotal role in fostering collaboration among nations. By analysing global publication trends, citation patterns, and co-authorship networks, this research examines how scientific output not only reflects but also drives international cooperation and policy development in polar regions. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the role of research output in supporting the principles of the ATS, with a focus on promoting peace, science, and environmental protection in Antarctica. Specifically, it aims to іnvestigate the contribution of scientific research to international collaboration under the ATS; іdentify global trends and emerging priorities in Antarctic research; assess the impact of interdisciplinary studies in advancing ATS objectives, including climate change mitigation and ecosystem protection. This research adopts a scientometric approach to analyse the global corpus of scientific publications related to Antarctic research. The analysis revealed that the volume of Antarctic related scientific publications has grown significantly over the last two decades, with a notable increase in interdisciplinary studies addressing climate change, biodiversity, and polar ecosystem dynamics. Co-authorship networks highlighted a robust level of international collaboration, underscoring the treaty's success in fostering scientific partnerships. Moreover, open data initiatives, driven by the ATS, were found to play a crucial role in advancing research efficiency and promoting transparency. The study also found that scientific output often influences policy discussions, particularly on climate change mitigation, the designation of marine protected areas, and sustainable resource management in Antarctica. The integration of research into ATS decision-making processes strengthens its effectiveness as a governance system while showcasing the role of science diplomacy in addressing global challenges.

Methodological provision of determining individual typology peculiarities in winterers concerning the adaptation to extreme conditions of life activity

2025-08-05T16:27:20+02:00

The prospects for international cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the Antarctic Treaty depend on the level of professional training of specialists who carry out professional activities in the harsh conditions of Antarctica. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of using psychological methods for studying the individual typological characteristics of winterers in terms of adaptation to extreme living/working conditions. The tasks of the research are to provide a description of the authors’ methodology for determining the character types of winterers and to prove the effectiveness of implementing the methodology in the psychological selection of participants for Antarctic expeditions. The study was conducted at the National Antarctic Scientific Center of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv and at the Akademik Vernadsky station. The sample consisted of 71 winterers of ten Ukrainian Antarctic expeditions, the age of the subjects varied from 22 to 64 years. Measurements of the adaptation component indicators within the methodology for determining the character types of winterers were made due to online testing platform. The research enables to identify 12 psychological types of character (persistent-distrustful, authoritarian, demonstrative, hyperthymic, withdrawn-introverted, conscientious-pedantic, emotional, dysthymic, conformal, anxious, unstable, labile). Each of the 12 types of character has been described with outlining a set of psychological traits that are to be put into consideration while analysing the winterers’ adaptation to extreme conditions of Antarctica. The conclusion has been made, which with certain in-depth studies may acquire a level of psychological regularity: the representatives of different character types characterised by different strength of nervous processes (hyperthymic and authoritarian) adapt to extreme conditions in opposite ways, when the action of extreme factors has an opposite effect on representatives of these character types. So, the influence of extreme factors on representatives of the hyperthymic type reduces their adaptive capabilities, and this influence on representatives of the authoritarian type increases their adaptive capabilities.