Український антарктичний журнал

№ 2 (2020): Український антарктичний журнал
Articles

Наземні екосистеми Антарктичного півострова та їх відгук на кліматичні зміни і антропогенний вплив

Р. Баргаглі
Університет Сієни, м. Сієна, 53100, Італія
Опубліковано December 29, 2020
Ключові слова
  • Антарктичний півострів,
  • антропогенні впливи,
  • зміни клімату,
  • наземні екосистеми
Як цитувати
Баргаглі, Р. (2020). Наземні екосистеми Антарктичного півострова та їх відгук на кліматичні зміни і антропогенний вплив. Український антарктичний журнал, (2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.656

Анотація

Антарктика й Південний Океан — унікальні природні лабораторії, де організми, пристосовані до екстремальних умов існування, еволюціонували в ізоляції мільйони років. Ці унікальні угруповання постали перед складними кліматичними та іншими змінами довкілля. Наземні екосистеми Району Антарктичного Півострова (APR) переживають найшвидші темпи потепління клімату, а також найбільше ризикують зазнати руйнівних змін, оскільки саме там найсильніше проявляється присутність людини. Ця робота надає огляд найновіших розвідок про сучасну, а також ймовірну подальшу реакцію біотичних угруповань наземних екосистем APR на зміни довкілля та прямі антропогенні впливи. Знання, здобуті при вивченні відносно простих наземних угруповань, можуть виявитися дуже корисними при передбаченні розвитку подій у значно складніших екосистемах регіонів з не такими різкими змінами температурного режиму. Швидке потепління в APR призвело до відступу льодовиків, скорочення снігового покриву в районах багаторічної мерзлоти, збільшення областей, вільних від криги з наступним підсиленням ґрунтотвірних процесів, біотичних угруповань та складності трофічної мережі. Однак, більшість людської активності сконцентрована в APR у прибережних ділянках, вільних від криги, і представляє численні ризики наземним екосистемам, такі як забруднення середовища чи порушення ґрунтових угруповань та дикої природи взагалі. Люди, що працюють чи відвідують APR, можуть, не бажаючи того, занести в регіон види-інтродуценти та/або розповсюдити місцеві види в ізольовані ділянки, вільні від льоду. Кількість інтродукованих немісцевих видів та ксенобіотичних речовин в APR, імовірно, більша за описану наразі; через це туроператорам та керівним структурам національних антарктичних наукових програм було запропоновано низку моніторингових та природоохоронних заходів для мінімізації ризику незворотної втрати цілісності унікальних наземних екосистем APR.

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