Using AI

AI used by Authors

The Editorial Board follows current international and national copyright laws and best publication ethics practices, such as the guidelines developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Currently, they lack a standardised definition of what constitutes authorship for content created using artificial intelligence (AI) and/or large language models (LLMs). In particular, AI cannot be an Author of the article, as it bears no responsibility for the output. The responsibility lies exclusively with the Authors regardless of the tool employed; therefore, it is the Authors who are held responsible for violating publication ethics in such cases. AI-produced data, images, tables, and text fragments are not an Author’s work and so cannot be included in a manuscript.

The Authors may use AI tools as an auxiliary for the following purposes:
- editing (stylistic improvement of human-generated texts and correction of grammar, orthography, punctuation, and tone).
- enhancing image contrast or clarity without altering the initial, human-created sense.
In such cases, AI use does not have to be stated.

In all other cases, the Authors must state AI use in Materials and Methods, Acknowledgements, or cover letter (including the name of the tool, the exact version, and the aim for which it was employed).

AI use by Reviewers

Reviewers must not upload the manuscripts into LLMs or AI tools when preparing their reviews, as this constitutes a confidentiality breach.

AI tools develop rapidly. Accordingly, the policy on their implementation will be updated.